Principles of logic and logic programming, volume 1st. Jul 30, 2017 logic, programming and prolog 2ed by ulf nilsson and jan maluszynski 294 pages the main objective of logic, programming and prolog is to provide a uniform account of both the foundations of logic programming and simple programming techniques in the programming language prolog. Structural resolution, term trees, rewriting trees, derivation trees. Sld resolution forward and backward chaining efficiency of reasoning with horn clausesefficiency of reasoning with horn clauses horn fol vs horn lp. Steve reeves mike clarke qmw, university of london november, 1989 preface to 2003 edition since 1990 much has changed in our subject and many further chapters could be added to the book mike and i wrote in. It is shown that sld resolution is a sound and complete computational proof procedure for logic programs. It is a refinement of resolution, which is both sound and refutation complete for horn clauses.
The relation of and the transition from logic to logic programming are analysed. Colmerauer and his group at the university of marseilleaix developed a specialized theorem prover, which they called prolog for oprogramacion en logiqueo or oprogramming in logico, embodied kowalskis procedural interpretation. Foundations of logic programming john wylie lloyd download. Horn lp is the foundation of logic programming and prolog 1. An procedural programming approach would typically develop the program with only one of these modes in mind, producing a program that is not likely to work for the others. Execution of a logic program is a theorem proving process. Oct 30, 2011 the relevance of horn clauses to theorem proving by firstorder resolution is that the resolution of two horn clauses is a horn clause. Foundations of automatic theorem proving, second edition dover books on computer science dover did get the 2003 version of this logic book into print on the logic page of their online math store on fri 22 may 2015. Mar 16, 2009 download free book logic, programming and prolog 2nd edition by by ulf nilsson and jan maluszynski in pdf format. Comments on logic programming with equations sciencedirect. Logic programming systems also require a mechanism for handling negative subgoals. Translate this set of clauses to the horn clause notation as used in logic programming.
It is through the inference rule of resolution that both proofs and computations can be manipulated on computers, and this book contains. Sldresolution is more flexible than slresolution restricted to horn clauses. Termmatching captures the theorem proving aspect of logic programming, which is distinct from, but complementary with, its problem solving aspect, which is captured by sld resolution. The intent of this book is to familiarize the computer science students with the concepts and the methods of logic.
Approximate reasoning by similaritybased sld resolution. This is the second edition of the first book to give an account of the mathematical foundations of logic programming. Foundations of inductive logic programming springerlink. Programs are written in the language of some logic. In an introductory chapter, the main concepts in logic programming are introduced, such as program clauses, query answering, proof trees, and recursive data structures. In general, approximate reasoning capabilities are introduced in the logic programming framework by considering the inference system based on fuzzy logic rather than on conventional twovalued logic. In contrast to the usual approach, the concept of a resolvent is defined nonconstructively, without recourse to the concept of unification, allowing the soundness and completeness proofs to be carried out in a more economic way.
This book is not primarily intended to be a theoretical handbook on logic programming. In order to avoid cycles, we will use an auxiliary predicate with an additional argument, which represents the list of visisted nodes. This account only discusses logic programming systems based on resolution and concentrates particularly on the prolog. The third chapter leads to the special version of resolution sld resolution used in logic programming systems, as realized in the logic programming language prolog programming in logic. Nor is it intended to be a book on advanced prolog programming or on constraint logic programming. Logic for computer scientistspredicate logicstrategies for. Since logic programming computation is proof search, to study logic programming means to study proofs. In fact, prolog implementation will try these choices out exhaustively in a depth. Still, most logic programming based languages use backward reasoning based on sld resolution for inference. However, logic programming systems need not necessarily be based on resolulion. Its purpose is to collect, in a unified and comprehensive manner, the basic theoretical results of logic programming, which have previously only been available in widely scattered research papers.
Truthfunctional operators 247 the uses of not and it is not the case that 249 the uses. Pdf sldresolution reduction of secondorder horn fragments. Logic programming robert kowalski 1 introduction the driving force behind logic programming is the idea that a single formalism su. The declarative concepts are implemented by means oc a specialized corm oc resolution, called sld resolution. Coinductive trees arise from termmatching resolution, which is a variant of sld resolution. In 2 sldnf resolution is investigated in pure logic programming. Automated theorem proving is increasingly used in the.
We provide a rigorous semantics for logic programs, and show the correctness and completeness of sld resolution with respect to this semantics. Several approaches extend the resolution rule to some fuzzy logic systems as possibilistic logic 10 and kstandard sequence logic 24. The use of logic as the basis for program development is motivated by the possibilities it offers for achieving greater program correctness. While these methods are typically computationally efficient, they often can neither handle infinite andor continuous distributions, nor evidence. This chapter is intended for the reader who is unfamiliar with prolog. Prolog and natural language analysis provides a concise. Msc module cs612 automated reasoning prolog, resolution and logic programming alan williams room 2. In the first part, a thorough treatment of firstorder logic, resolution based theorem proving, and logic programming is given. Chapter 2 is concerned with the procedural semantics oc logic programs. The magic of logical inference in probabilistic programming. Numerous problems appear throughout the book, and two appendixes provide practical background information. Use sld resolution to show that the resulting set of horn clauses is inconsistent see page 48 of the logic and resolution chapter for a description of sld resolution. This monograph provides an intensive course for graduate students in computer science, as well as others interested in extensions of logic programming, on the. This mathematically oriented introduction to the theory of logic programming presents a systematic exposition of the resolution method for propositional, firstorder, and horn clause logics, together with an analysis of the semantic aspects of the method.
The field of logic programming is fortunate in being well served by many excellent books covering virtually every aspect of the subject, including its theory, applications and programming. Jun 21, 2005 however, sld resolution, the basic procedural semantics for logic programming, is only defined for programs whose statements are horn clauses. Kees doets this mathematically oriented introduction to the theory of logic programming presents a systematic exposition of the resolution method for propositional, firstorder, and horn clause logics. Logic programming in prolog part ii substitutions, sld. The idea of this book, though, is not to be a programmers manual for prolog. Pat hayes and i had been working in edinburgh on a book hayes and kowal ski, 1971. Two extensions of sld resolution based on eunification are presented, and rigorous. It is designed primarily for students, computer scientists, and, more generally, for mathematically inclined readers interested in the formalization of proofs and. Resolution for logic programming with universal quantifiers. In this paper, which extends a shorter history of logic programming lp in the. The method usually chosen is sldnf resolution, which is the augment of sld resolution with the negation as failure rule 2.
Topics include propositional logic and its resolution, firstorder logic, gentzens cut elimination theorem and applications, and gentzens sharpened hauptsatz and herbrands theorem. Most of this material can only be found in research papers, and should be useful toreaders interested in logic programming. Objectives the main objective of both editions of this textbook is to provide a uniform account of both the foundations of logic programming and simple programming techniques in the programming. Firstorder logic allow the representation of entities also called objects and their properties, and relations among such entities more expressive than propositional logic.
Mathematical logic for computer science is a mathematics textbook, just as a. With the use and the development of computers in the beginning of the 1950s, it soon became clear that computers could be used, not only for arithmetical computation, but also for symbolic computation. Major logic programming language families include prolog, answer set programming asp and datalog. The goal of empirical ilp then is to find a complete and consistent definition for an unknown predicate given a set of examples and background knowledge.
Slides of the diagrams and tables in the book in both pdf. In the 1990s, research in logic programming focused on making the basic principle more expressive by including constraints equations and inequalities over arithmetic domains, which gave rise to constraint logic programming. Most research for extending the horn clause framework has been concerned with allowing negative literals in the bodies of the statements where sld resolution is extended with negationasfailure. In traditional experimental laboratories, there are many different tools that are used to perform various experiments. Part i presents the necessary material on logic and logic programming. The difference is that in the termmatching approach, one only. Free pdf download logic, programming and prolog 2nd edition. Doets provides a novel approach to resolution that is applied to the firstorder case and the case of positive logic programs. The second part introduces the main concepts of ilp and systematically develops the most important results on model inference, inverse resolution, unfolding, refinement operators, least generalizations, and ways to.
Introduction to programmable logic controllers plcs. Sldresolution and logic programming prolog ftp directory. Lecture notes in computer science lecture notes in artificial intelligence, vol 1228. In chapter 10 the last chapter, a brief presentation of manysorted. Logic programming is a programming paradigm which is largely based on formal logic. The three papers deal with the issue of how the basic execution mechanism of logic programming i. Rather, the aim is to give the theoretical foundations for an understanding. The main results of this chapter concern the soundness and completeness oc sld resolution and the independence oc the computation rule.
Justify your answer by drawing the sld tree akas prolog search tree, at least schematically. Disjunctive logic programming, sld resolution, proof procedure. A literal is a propositional variable or the negation of a propositional variable. All prolog examples are compatible with swiprolog free software. Most current logic programming systems are resolution theorem provers. Sld resolution symbolic logic and logic processing. In these books, these results are established for the horn clause logic of prolog in chapters 5 to 7. The resolution rule in propositional logic is a single valid inference rule that produces a new clause implied by two clauses containing complementary literals. Sld resolution, logic programming, and the foundations of prolog. Intelligent reasoning by example personal pages for staff. Logic for computer scientistspredicate logicstrategies. There is also a general resolution for full clause logic, but for.
Prolog is a programming language based on logic, in which a computation is in fact a refutation. Automated reasoning, deep learning, logic programming, resolution, neural networks. The chapter also introduces some controversial builtin predicates available in most prolog implementations. Our interest in this form of redundancy comes from inductive logic programming. For horn clauses, however, it is a complete strategy and indeed, it is the basis for the sld resolution principle, which is the core of sld resolution. Prolog as a recursive programming language which uses the sldresolution principle in a slightly more procedural way. Logic programming is most commonly understood in a restricted sense, namely, programming with horn clauses and sld resolution.
Although he studied logic as a basis for functional programming rather than logic programming, his ideas are more fundamental and therefore equally applicable in both paradigms. Prolog programming in logic is a representative logic language. Prolog experiments in discrete mathematics, logic, and. The first programmable logic controllers plcs introduced in the late 1960s developed to offer the same functionality as the existing relay logic systems programmable, reusable and reliable could withstand a harsh industrial environment they had no hard.
We prove that our sldresolution calculus is sound and complete. Logic for computer science foundations of automatic. They can be nonclausal systems with many inference rules 11, 41, 42. This is a pdf copy of the book that was published between 1994 and 2007 by john. Depthfirst search wikipedia breadthfirst search wikipedia redefinition of prolog append3 using the function cons2 a note. An introduction to logic programming through prolog.
Sld refutation tree you may have noticed that in sld resolution there may be multiple choices for the program factrule. Additional subjects include resolution in firstorder logic. Although it works, this procedure is inconvenient for manual use and inefficient. Logic and logic programming department of computer science. However, for the purpose of this book this extra generality is not. Sld resolution selective linear definite clause resolution is the basic inference rule used in logic programming. Unit resolution and hence input resolution is not complete for full first order logics. The prolog programming language is the tool used for the experiments in this book. The essentials of logic programming discussed in the book have no doubt been seen by the reader, and some familiar concepts such as horn clauses and resolution are discussed by the authors. There is for practical purposes only one working programming language, prolog, that can be considered as a significant realization of the logic programming paradigm. The first programmable logic controllers plcs introduced in the late 1960s developed to offer the same functionality as the existing relay logic systems programmable, reusable and reliable could withstand a harsh industrial environment they had no hard drive, they had battery backup could start in seconds. Any program written in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. It is certainly not the purpose of this book to suggest that logic programming, interesting and powerful though it may be.